Many here probably know that direct injected gasoline engines produce more particulates than the more familiar port injected types. It is enough to consider regulating the size and amount as has been done for diesels. This article is a nice primer on the subject. Attacking GDI engine particulate emissions - SAE International Not directly on topic, but of interest because the question of vehicle lifetime comes up elsewhere, "Engine emissions tend to change with internal wear, so the goal is to maintain these levels over a vehicle’s 150,000-mi (93,200-km) lifetime."
I can't help but feel some one has fouled up their metric conversion badly. 150,000 miles is over 240,000 km
"...Particle concentration from DPF equipped diesel engines were found to be the lowest, while GDI and 8-cylinder PFI engines had the highest particle emissions.... ...A PN [particle number] emissions index concept was developed to rank post 2010 model-year vehicles tested relative to a 4-cylinder diesel with DPF, used as the best available technology for low solid particle emissions. GDI engines had the highest PN indices, with up to a factor of 8000 higher for particles larger than 25 nm (Dp > 25 nm) and up to 900 times higher for particles smaller than 25 nm (DP < 25 nm)...." Source: Badshah, H. and Khalek, I., "Solid Particle Emissions from Vehicle Exhaust during Engine Start-Up," SAE Int. J. Engines 8(4):2015, doi:10.4271/2015-01-1077
Perhaps it wasn't meant to be a conversion, but a regulatory limit. 150k miles is the length of emission system warranties in CARB states. Could 93.2k km be such in Europe? Doesn't seem likely though.
Lev III proposes to drop PM from 0.12 to 0.01 Emission Standards: USA: Cars and Light-Duty Trucks—California Perhaps with the diesel scandal of defeat device where particulate matter will not have to hit such artificial standards and manufacturers will need to produce real world clean cars. Lev III has reduced sulfur in the gasoilne to10 ppm (already in place in california and europe). I question if a drop from 0.12 to 0.01 is needed, but if it is and the cafe goals are needed that means probably $200/car (gdi plus particulate filter in 2025). This may be needed in LA, but I doubt it is in most of the country that appears to have healthy air at the current 0.12 limit.
