All vehicles, including four-wheel (4x4) and all-wheel drive (AWD), are tested in 2WD mode; however, results are adjusted to reflect the increased weight and engine load using 4x4 and AWD systems. The FTP is composed of two tests. For fuel efficiency purposes, they may be referred to as the city test and the highway test. Simulated city course The city test simulates a 12-kilometre, stop-and-go trip with an average speed of 32 km/h and a top speed of 91 km/h. The test runs for 23 minutes and includes 18 stops. Approximately 4 minutes of test time are spent idling, to represent waiting at traffic lights. The test begins from a cold engine start, which is similar to starting a vehicle after it has been parked overnight. When the test is completed, the test cycle starts again with a hot engine start, and the first 8 minutes of the test are repeated. This simulates restarting a vehicle after it has been warmed up, driven and then stopped for a short time. Simulated highway course The highway test simulates a 16-kilometre trip with an average speed of 77 km/h and a top speed of 97 km/h. The test runs for 13 minutes and does not include any stops; however, the speed varies to simulate different kinds of rural and highway roads. The test begins from a hot engine start.
